GRASS GIS 5.7 Reference Manual
This reference manual details the use of modules distributed with
Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS), an open source (GNU
GPL'ed), image processing and geographic information system (GIS).
Full command index:
[
d.* | db.* | g.* | i.* | pg.* | photo.* | ps.* | r.* | r3.* | s.* | v.* ]
d.* commands:
- d.ask - Prompts the user to select a GRASS data base file from among files displayed in a menu on the graphics monitor.
- d.barscale - Displays a barscale on GRASS monitor.
- d.colorlist - Output a list of all available display colors with a configurable separator (default is comma).
- d.colors - Allows the user to interactively change the color table of a raster map layer displayed on the graphics monitor.
- d.colortable - To display the color table associated with a raster map layer.
- d.erase - Erase the contents of the active display frame with user defined color
- d.font - Selects the font in which text will be displayed on the user's graphics monitor.
- d.frame - Manages display frames on the user's graphics monitor.
- d.geodesic - Displays a geodesic line, tracing the shortest distance between two geographic points along a great circle, in a longitude/latitude data set.
- d.graph - Program for generating and displaying simple graphics to the graphics display monitor.
- d.grid - Overlays a user-specified grid in the active display frame on the graphics monitor.
- d.his - Displays the result obtained by combining hue, intensity, and saturation (his) values from user-specified input raster map layers.
- d.histogram - Displays a histogram in the form of a pie or bar chart for a user-specified raster file.
- d.info - Display information about the active display monitor
- d.legend - Displays a legend for a raster map layer in the active frame on the graphics monitor.
- d.linegraph - Generates and displays simple line graphs in the active graphics monitor display frame.
- d.m -
- d.mapgraph - Generates and displays simple graphics on map layers drawn in the active graphics monitor display frame.
- d.measure - Measures the lengths and areas of features drawn by the user in the active display frame on the graphics monitor.
- d.mon - To establish and control use of a graphics display monitor.
- d.paint.labels - Displays text labels formatted for use with GRASS paint (p.labels, p.map) output to the active frame on the graphics monitor.
- d.path -
- d.profile - Interactive profile plotting utility with optional output.
- d.rast.arrow - Draws arrows representing cell aspect direction for a raster map layer.
- d.rast.edit -
- d.rast - Displays and overlays raster map layers in the active display frame on the graphics monitor.
- d.rast.leg - d.rast.leg - displays a raster map and its legend on a graphics window
- d.rast.num - Overlays cell category values on a raster map layer displayed to the graphics monitor.
- d.redraw -
- d.rgb - Displays three user-specified raster map layers as red, green, and blue overlays in the active graphics frame.
- d.rhumbline - Displays the rhumbline joining two user-specified points, in the active frame on the user's graphics monitor.
- d.save - Create a list of commands for recreating screen graphics.
- d.slide.show - slide.show.sh - Slide show of GRASS raster/vector maps
- d.text - Draws text in the active display frame on the graphics monitor using the current font.
- d.title - Outputs a TITLE for a raster map layer in a form suitable for display by d.text.
- d.vect.chart - Displays charts of GRASS vector data in the active frame on the graphics monitor.
- d.vect - Displays GRASS vector data in the active frame on the graphics monitor.
- d.what.rast - Allows the user to interactively query the category contents of multiple raster map layers at user specified locations within the current geographic region.
- d.what.vect - Allows the user to interactively query a vector map layer at user-selected locations within the current geographic region.
- d.where - Identifies the geographic coordinates associated with point locations in the active frame on the graphics monitor.
- d.zoom - Allows the user to change the current geographic region settings interactively, with a mouse.
db.* commands:
g.* commands:
- g.access -
- g.ask - Prompts the user for the names of GRASS data base files.
- g.copy - Copies available data files in the user's current mapset search path and location to the appropriate element directories under the user's current mapset.
- g.filename - Prints GRASS data base file names.
- g.findfile - Searches for GRASS data base files and sets variables for the shell.
- g.gisenv - Outputs the user's current GRASS variable settings.
- g.list - Lists available GRASS data base files of the user-specified data type to standard output.
- g.manual - display the HTML man pages of GRASS
- g.mapset - Change current mapset
- g.mapsets -
- g.mlist - Apply regular expressions and wildcards to g.list
- g.mremove - Apply regular expressions and wildcards to g.remove
- g.parser - g.parser test script
- g.proj - module to manipulate GRASS projection information files
- g.region - Program to manage the boundary definitions for the geographic region.
- g.remove - Removes data base element files from the user's current mapset.
- g.rename - To rename data base element files in the user's current mapset.
- g.setproj -
- g.tempfile - Creates a temporary file and prints the file name.
- g.version - Displays version and copyright information.
i.* commands:
- i.cca - Canonical components analysis (cca) program for image processing.
- i.class -
- i.cluster - An imagery function that generates spectral signatures for land cover types in an image using a clustering algorithm. The resulting signature file is used as input for i.maxlik, to generate an unsupervised image classification.
- i.fft - Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for image processing.
- i.fusion.brovey - Brovey transform to merge multispectral and high-res panchromatic channels
- i.gensig - Generates statistics for i.maxlik from raster map layer.
- i.gensigset - Generate statistics for i.smap from raster map layer.
- i.group - An imagery function that creates and edits groups and subgroups of imagery files. The interactive version provides extended functionality.
- i.his.rgb - Hue-intensity-saturation (his) to red-green-blue (rgb) raster map color transformation function.
- i.ifft - Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (ifft) for image processing.
- i.maxlik - An imagery function that classifies the cell spectral reflectances in imagery data based on the spectral signature information generated by either i.cluster, i.class, or i.gensig.
- i.ortho.photo -
- i.pca - Principal components analysis (pca) program for image processing.
- i.points -
- i.rectify - Rectifies an image by computing a coordinate transformation for each pixel in the image based on the control points
- i.rgb.his - Red-green-blue (rgb) to hue-intensity-saturation (his) raster map color transformation function.
- i.smap - An imagery function that performs contextual image classification using sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation.
- i.spectral - i.spectral - displays spectral response at user specifified locations in images
- i.target - This program targets an imagery group to a GRASS location and mapset
- i.tasscap - i.tasscap - Tasseled Cap (Kauth Thomas) transformation for LANDSAT-TM data
- i.zc - Zero-crossing "edge detection" raster function for image processing.
pg.* commands:
photo.* commands:
ps.* commands:
- ps.map - Hardcopy PostScript map output utility.
r.* commands:
- r.average - Finds the average of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map.
- r.basins.fill - Generates a raster map layer showing watershed subbasins.
- r.bilinear - Bilinear interpolation utility for raster map layers.
- r.buffer - Creates a raster map layer showing buffer zones surrounding cells that contain non-NULL category values.
- r.cats - Prints category values and labels associated with user-specified raster map layers.
- r.circle - Creates a raster map containing concentric rings around a given point.
- r.clump - Recategorizes data in a raster map layer by grouping cells that form physically discrete areas into unique categories.
- r.coin -
- r.colors - Creates/Modifies the color table associated with a raster map layer.
- r.composite - Combines red, green and blue map layers into a single composite map layer.
- r.compress - Compresses and decompresses raster files.
- r.contour - Produces a GRASS binary vector map of specified contours from GRASS raster map layer.
- r.cost - Outputs a raster map layer showing the cumulative cost of moving between different geographic locations on an input raster map layer whose cell category values represent cost.
- r.covar - Outputs a covariance/correlation matrix for user-specified raster map layer(s).
- r.cross - Creates a cross product of the category values from multiple raster map layers.
- r.describe - Prints terse list of category values found in a raster map layer.
- r.digit -
- r.distance - Locates the closest points between objects in two raster maps.
- r.drain - Traces a flow through an elevation model on a raster map layer.
- r.fill.dir - Filters and generates a depressionless elevation map and a flow direction map from a given elevation layer
- r.fillnulls - Fills no-data areas in raster maps using v.surf.rst splines interpolation
- r.grow - Generates an output raster map layer with contiguous areas grown by one cell (pixel).
- r.his - Generates red, green and blue raster map layers combining hue, intensity, and saturation (his) values from user-specified input raster map layers.
- r.in.arc - Convert an ESRI ARC/INFO ascii raster file (GRID) into a (binary) raster map layer.
- r.in.ascii - Convert an ASCII raster text file into a (binary) raster map layer.
- r.in.bin - Import a binary raster file into a GRASS raster map layer.
- r.in.gdal - Import GDAL supported raster file into a binary raster map layer.
- r.in.gridatb - Imports GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) into GRASS raster map
- r.in.mat - Import a binary MAT-File(v4) to a GRASS raster.
- r.in.poly - Create raster maps from ascii polygon/line data files in the current directory.
- r.info - Outputs basic information about a user-specified raster map layer.
- r.kappa - Calculate error matrix and kappa parameter for accuracy assessment of classification result.
- r.le.patch -
- r.le.pixel -
- r.le.setup -
- r.le.trace -
- r.los - Line-of-sight raster analysis program.
- r.mapcalc -
- r.median - Finds the median of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map.
- r.mfilter - Raster file matrix filter.
- r.mode - Finds the mode of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map.
- r.neighbors - Makes each cell category value a function of the category values assigned to the cells around it, and stores new cell values in an output raster map layer.
- r.null - The function of r.null is to explicitly create the NULL-value bitmap file.
- r.out.arc - Converts a raster map layer into an ESRI ARCGRID file.
- r.out.ascii - Converts a raster map layer into an ASCII text file.
- r.out.bin - Exports a GRASS raster to a binary array.
- r.out.gdal - export GRASS raster data into various formats (requires GDAL)
- r.out.gridatb - Exports GRASS raster map to GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL)
- r.out.mat - Exports a GRASS raster to a binary MAT-File.
- r.out.mpeg - Raster File Series to MPEG Conversion Program.
- r.out.png - Export GRASS raster as non-georeferenced PNG image format.
- r.out.pov - Converts a raster map layer into a height-field file for POVRAY.
- r.out.ppm - Converts a GRASS raster file to a PPM image file at the pixel resolution of the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION.
- r.out.ppm3 - Converts 3 GRASS raster layers (R,G,B) to a PPM image file at the pixel resolution of the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION.
- r.out.tiff - Exports a GRASS raster file to a 8/24bit TIFF image file at the pixel resolution of the currently defined region.
- r.param.scale - Extracts terrain parameters from a DEM. Uses a multi-scalar approach by taking fitting quadratic parameters to any size window (via least squares)
- r.patch - Creates a composite raster map layer by using known category values from one (or more) map layer(s) to fill in areas of "no data" in another map layer.
- r.profile - Outputs the raster map layer values lying on user-defined line(s).
- r.proj - re-project a raster map from one location to the current location.
- r.quant - This routine produces the quantization file for a floating-point map.
- r.random.cells - Generates random cell values with spatial dependence.
- r.random - Creates a raster map layer and vector point map containing randomly located sites.
- r.random.surface - Generates random surface(s) with spatial dependence.
- r.reclass.area - GRASS script to reclass a raster map greater or less than user specified area size (in hectares)
- r.reclass - Creates a new map layer whose category values are based upon the user's reclassification of categories in an existing raster map layer.
- r.recode - Recode raster maps.
- r.region -
- r.report - Reports statistics for raster map layers.
- r.resample - GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability.
- r.rescale.eq - Rescales histogram equalized the range of categoryvalues in a raster map layer.
- r.rescale - Rescales the range of category values in a raster map layer.
- r.ros - Generates three, or four raster map layers showing 1) the base (perpendicular) rate of spread (ROS), 2) the maximum (forward) ROS, 3) the direction of the maximum ROS, and optionally 4) the maximum potential spotting distance.
- r.series - Makes each output cell value a function of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers.
- r.shaded.relief - Creates shaded relief map from an elevation map (DEM).
- r.slope.aspect - Generates raster map layers of slope, aspect, curvatures and partial derivatives from a raster map layer of true elevation values. Aspect is calculated counterclockwise from east.
- r.spread - Simulates elliptically anisotropic spread on a graphics window and generates a raster map of the cumulative time of spread, given raster maps containing the rates of spread (ROS), the ROS directions and the spread origins. It optionally produces raster maps to contain backlink UTM coordinates for tracing spread paths. (GRASS Raster/Display Program)
- r.spreadpath - Recursively traces the least cost path backwards to cells from which the cumulative cost was determined.
- r.statistics - Category or object oriented statistics.
- r.stats - Generates area statistics for raster map layers.
- r.sum - Sums up the raster cell values.
- r.sun - Computes direct (beam), diffuse and reflected solar irradiation raster maps for given day, latitude, surface and atmospheric conditions. Solar parameters (e.g. sunrise, sunset times, declination, extraterrestrial irradiance, daylight length) are saved in a local text file. Alternatively, a local time can be specified to compute solar incidence angle and/or irradiance raster maps. The shadowing effect of the topography is optionally incorporated.
- r.sunmask - Calculates cast shadow areas from sun position and DEM. Either A: exact sun position is specified, or B: date/time to calculate the sun position by r.sunmask itself.
- r.surf.area - Surface area estimation for rasters.
- r.surf.contour - Surface generation program from rasterized contours.
- r.surf.fractal - GRASS module to create a fractal surface of a given fractal dimension. Uses spectral synthesis method. Can create intermediate layers showing the build up of different spectral coefficients (see Saupe, pp.106-107 for an example of this). Use this module to generate naturally looking synthetical elevation models (DEM).
- r.surf.gauss - GRASS module to produce a raster map layer of gaussian deviates whose mean and standard deviation can be expressed by the user. It uses a gaussian random number generator from Press, Flannery, Teukolsky and Vetterling (1988) - Numerical Recipes in C.
- r.surf.idw - Surface interpolation utility for raster map layers.
- r.surf.random - GRASS module to produce a raster map layer of uniform random deviates whose range can be expressed by the user. It uses the random number generator described in Press, Flannery, Teukolsky and Vetterling (1988) - Numerical Recipes in C.
- r.texture - Generate images with textural features from a raster map
- r.thin - Thins non-zero cells that denote linear features in a raster map layer.
- r.timestamp - Print/add/remove a timestamp for a raster map.
- r.to.vect - Converts a raster map into a vector map layer.
- r.topidx - Creates topographic index, ln(a/tan(beta)), map from elevation map.
- r.topmodel - Simulates TOPMODEL which is physically based hydrologic model.
- r.transect - Outputs raster map layer values lying along user defined transect line(s).
- r.univar - calculates univariate statistics from a GRASS raster map
- r.water.outlet - Watershed basin creation program.
- r.watershed - Watershed basin analysis program.
- r.what - Queries raster map layers on their category values and category labels.
r3.* commands:
- r3.in.ascii - Convert a 3D ASCII raster text file into a (binary) 3D raster map layer
- r3.in.v5d - import of 3-dimensional Vis5D files (i.e. the v5d file with 1 variable and 1 time step)
- r3.info - Outputs basic information about a user-specified 3D raster map layer.
- r3.mapcalc -
- r3.mask -
- r3.null - Explicitly create the 3D NULL-value bitmap file.
- r3.out.ascii - Converts a 3D raster map layer into an ASCII text file
- r3.out.v5d - Export of GRASS 3D raster file to 3-dimensional Vis5D file.
- r3.timestamp - print/add/remove a timestamp for a 3D raster map
s.* commands:
- s.in.ascii - Convert an ASCII listing of site locations into a GRASS site list file.
- s.out.ascii - Converts a GRASS site list file into an ASCII listing of site locations and their descriptions.
v.* commands:
- v.buffer - Create a buffer around features of given type (areas must contain centroid).
- v.build.all -
- v.build -
- v.build.polylines - Build polylines from lines.
- v.category - Attach, delete or report vector categories.
- v.clean - Break lines at intersections.
- v.convert - Converts between GRASS vector versions.
- v.database -
- v.db.connect - database='$GISDBASE/$LOCATION_NAME/PERMANENT/dbf'
- v.digit -
- v.distance - Find the nearest element in vector 'to' for elements in vector 'from'. Various informations about this relation may be uploaded to the attribute table of input vector 'from' or printed to stdout.
- v.external - Create a new vector as a link to OGR layer. Available drivers:
- v.extract - Selects vector objects from an existing vector map and creates a new map containing only the selected objects.
- v.hull - Uses a GRASS vector points map to produce a convex hull vector map
- v.in.ascii - Convert GRASS ascii file or points file to binary vector. If option 'input' is not used, the module read points from standard input ('points mode').
- v.in.db - Create new vector (points) from database table containing coordinates.
- v.in.ogr - Convert OGR vectors to GRASS. Available drivers:
- v.in.region - Create a new vector from current region.
- v.in.sites - Converts a GRASS site_lists file into a vector file.
- v.info - Outputs basic information about a user-specified vector map layer.
- v.label - Create paint labels for GRASS vector file and attached attributes.
- v.net.alloc - Allocate subnets for nearest centres (direction from centre). Centre node must be opened (costs >= 0). Costs of centre node are used in calculation
- v.net - Network maintenance.
- v.net.iso - Split net to bands between cost isolines (direction from centre). Centre node must be opened (costs >= 0). Costs of centre node are used in calculation
- v.net.path - Find shortest path on vector network. Reads start/end pointsfrom standard input in format:
- v.net.salesman - Create a cycle connecting given nodes (Traveling salesman problem). Note that TSP is NP-hard, heuristic algorithm is used by this module and created cycle may be sub optimal.
- v.net.steiner - Create Steiner tree for the network and given terminals. Note that 'Minimum Steiner Tree' problem is NP-hard and heuristic algorithm is used in this module so the the result may be sub optimal.
- v.out.ascii -
- v.out.ogr - Convert to OGR format.
- v.out.pov - Convert to POV-Ray format, GRASS x,y,z -> POV-Ray x,z,y
- v.overlay - Overlay 2 vector maps.
- v.patch - Creates a new binary vector map layer by combining other binary vector map layers.
- v.proj - Allows projection conversion of vector files.
- v.random - Randomly generate a GRASS vector points map.
- v.reclass - Changes vector category values for an existing vector map according to results of SQL queries.
- v.segment - Create points/segments from input lines, and positions read from stdin in format:
- v.select - Select features from ainput by features from binput.
- v.surf.idw - Surface interpolation from sites data by Inverse Distance Squared Weighting.
- v.surf.rst - Interpolation and topographic analysis from given contour data in vector format to GRASS floating point raster format using regularized spline with tension.
- v.to.db - Load values from vector to database.
- v.to.points - Create points along input lines.
- v.to.rast - Converts a binary GRASS vector map layer into a GRASS raster map layer.
- v.transform - Transforms an vector map layer from one coordinate system into another coordinate system.
- v.type - Change the type of geometry elements.
- v.vol.rst - Interpolates vector point data to a G3D grid volume using regularized spline with tension (RST) algorithm
- v.what.rast - Upload raster values at positions of vector points to the table.
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© 2003-2004 GRASS Development Team